Yes, a vacuum cleaner can be use to clean your bamboo floor, but you should ensure it has a specific wooden floor cleaning attachment. The ordinary vacuum cleaner attachments may have sharp or coarse bristles which could scratch or dent your bamboo floor.
If your vacuum cleaner does not have a wooden flooring attachment, then the best way to remove dust and dirt from your bamboo floor is to sweep it with a soft bristle brush.
For further information on cleaning your bamboo floor, see ‘What is the best way to clean my bamboo floor’.